Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Petrochemical shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Petrochemical offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Petrochemical at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Petrochemical? Wrong! If the Petrochemical is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Petrochemical then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Petrochemical? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Petrochemical and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Petrochemical wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Petrochemical then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Petrochemical site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Petrochemical, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Petrochemical, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
, Scotland, UK.
Petrochemicals are chemical products made from raw materials of
petroleum (hydrocarbon) origin. (Etymologically, the name is incorrect, as the Greek language root
petro- means "rock"; the correct term is
oleochemicals, from the Greek root
oleo-, meaning "oil".) Although some of the chemical compounds which originate from petroleum may also be derived from other sources such as coal or
natural gas, petroleum is a major source of many. This article is mainly intended to discuss organic compounds or materials which are not burned as fuel (see also
Petroleum product).
The two main classes of petrochemical raw materials are olefins (including
ethylene and propylene) and
aromatics (including
benzene and
xylene isomers), both of which are produced in very large quantities. At
Oil refinery, olefins are produced mainly from hydrocarbons by chemical
Cracking (chemistry) such as
steam cracking and by catalytic reforming. At oil refineries, aromatic hydrocarbons are mainly produced by catalytic reforming or similar processes. From these basic building blocks are made a very wide range of chemicals and other materials used in industry -
monomers, solvents, detergents, adhesives, etc. From the monomers,
polymers or
oligomers are produced for plastics,
resins, fibers,
elastomers, certain
lubricants and gels.
World production of ethylene is around 110 million tonnes per annum, of propylene 65 million tonnes, and of aromatic raw materials 70 million tonnes. The largest petrochemical industries are to be found in the USA and Western Europe, though the major growth in new production capacity is in the Middle East and Asia. There is a substantial inter-regional trade in petrochemicals of all kinds.
The following is a partial list of the major commercial petrochemicals and their derivatives:
- ethylene - the simplest olefin; used as a ripening hormone, a monomer and a chemical feedstock
- propylene - used as a monomer and a chemical feedstock
- isopropyl alcohol - 2-propanol; often used as a solvent or rubbing alcohol
- acrylonitrile - useful as a monomer in forming Orlon, ABS
- polypropylene - Polymerization propylene
- propylene oxide
- propylene glycol - sometimes used in engine coolant
- glycol ethers - from condensation of glycols
- isomers of butylene - useful as monomers or co-monomers
- 1,3-butadiene - a diene often used as a monomer or co-monomer for polymerization to elastomers such as polybutadiene or a plastic such as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)
- synthetic rubbers - synthetic elastomers made of any one or more of several petrochemical (usually) monomers such as 1,3-butadiene, styrene, isobutylene, isoprene, chloroprene, etc. Elastomeric polymers are often made with a high percentage of conjugated diene monomers such as 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, or chloroprene.
- higher olefins
- polyolefins such poly-alpha-olefins which are used as lubricants
- alpha-olefins - used as monomers, co-monomers, and other chemical precursors. For example, a small amount of 1-hexene can be copolymerized with ethylene into a more flexible form of polyethylene.
- other higher olefins
- detergent alcohols
- acrylic acid
- allyl chloride -
- epichlorohydrin - chloro-oxirane; used in epoxy resin formation
- epoxy resins - a type of polymerizing glue from bisphenol A, epichlorohydrin, and some amine
- benzene - the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon
- ethylbenzene - made from benzene and ethylene
- styrene made by dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene; used as a monomer
- polystyrenes - polymers with styrene as a monomer
- cumene - isopropylbenzene; a feedstock in the cumene process
- phenol - hydroxybenzene; often made by the cumene process
- acetone - dimethyl ketone; also often made by the cumene process
- bisphenol A - a type of "double" phenol used in polymerization in epoxy resins and making a common type of polycarbonate
- epoxy resins - a type of polymerizing glue from bisphenol A, epichlorohydrin, and some amine
- polycarbonate - a plastic polymer made from bisphenol A and phosgene (carbonyl dichloride)
- solvents - liquids used for dissolving materials. Examples often made from petrochemicals include ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, benzene, toluene, xylenes.
- cyclohexane - a 6-carbon aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbon sometimes used as a non-polar solvent
- adipic acid - a 6-carbon dicarboxylic acid which can be a precursor used as a co-monomer together with a diamine to form an alternating copolymer form of nylon.
- nylons - types of polyamides, some are alternating copolymers formed from copolymerizing dicarboxylic acid or derivatives with diamines
- caprolactam - a 6-carbon cyclic amide
- nitrobenzene - can be made by single nitration of benzene
- aniline - aminobenzene
- methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) - used as a co-monomer with diols or polyols to form polyurethanes or with di- or polyamines to form polyureas
- alkylbenzene - a general type of aromatic hydrocarbon which can be used as a presursor for a sulfonate surfactant (detergent)
- detergents - often include surfactants types such as alkylbenzenesulfonates and nonylphenol ethoxylates
- chlorobenzene
- toluene - methylbenzene; can be a solvent or precursor for other chemicals
- benzene
- toluene diisocyanate (TDI) - used as co-monomers with diols or polyols to form polyurethanes or with di- or polyamines to form polyureas
- polyurethanes - a polymer formed from diisocyanates and diols or polyols
- benzoic acid - carboxybenzene
- xylene - any of three dimethylbenzene isomers, could be a solvent but more often precursor chemicals
- ortho-xylene - both methyl groups can be oxidized to form (ortho-)phthalic acid
- para-xylene - both methyl groups can be oxidized to form terephthalic acid
- dimethyl terephthalate - can be copolymerized to form certain polyesters
- polyesters - although there can be many types, polyethylene terephthalate is made from petrochemical products and is very widely used.
- purified terephthalic acid - often copolymerized to form polyethylene terephthalate
See also
External links
- Petrochemistry in Europe
- Educational resource on petrochemistry
ar:البتروكيمياوياتda:Petrokemiskid:Petrokimiaja:石油化学工業
no:Petrokjemiske produkterfi:Petrokemikaali
, Scotland,
UK.
Petrochemicals are chemical products made from raw materials of petroleum (hydrocarbon) origin. (Etymologically, the name is incorrect, as the Greek language root
petro- means "rock"; the correct term is
oleochemicals, from the Greek root
oleo-, meaning "oil".) Although some of the
chemical compounds which originate from petroleum may also be derived from other sources such as
coal or
natural gas, petroleum is a major source of many. This article is mainly intended to discuss organic compounds or materials which are not burned as fuel (see also Petroleum product).
The two main classes of petrochemical raw materials are
olefins (including
ethylene and
propylene) and aromatics (including benzene and
xylene isomers), both of which are produced in very large quantities. At Oil refinery, olefins are produced mainly from hydrocarbons by chemical
Cracking (chemistry) such as steam cracking and by
catalytic reforming. At oil refineries, aromatic hydrocarbons are mainly produced by catalytic reforming or similar processes. From these basic building blocks are made a very wide range of chemicals and other materials used in industry -
monomers, solvents,
detergents,
adhesives, etc. From the monomers, polymers or
oligomers are produced for
plastics, resins,
fibers, elastomers, certain lubricants and gels.
World production of ethylene is around 110 million tonnes per annum, of propylene 65 million tonnes, and of aromatic raw materials 70 million tonnes. The largest petrochemical industries are to be found in the USA and Western Europe, though the major growth in new production capacity is in the Middle East and Asia. There is a substantial inter-regional trade in petrochemicals of all kinds.
The following is a partial list of the major commercial petrochemicals and their derivatives:
- ethylene - the simplest olefin; used as a ripening hormone, a monomer and a chemical feedstock
- propylene - used as a monomer and a chemical feedstock
- isopropyl alcohol - 2-propanol; often used as a solvent or rubbing alcohol
- acrylonitrile - useful as a monomer in forming Orlon, ABS
- polypropylene - Polymerization propylene
- propylene oxide
- propylene glycol - sometimes used in engine coolant
- glycol ethers - from condensation of glycols
- isomers of butylene - useful as monomers or co-monomers
- isobutylene - feed for making methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) or monomer for copolymerization with a low percentage of isoprene to make butyl rubber
- 1,3-butadiene - a diene often used as a monomer or co-monomer for polymerization to elastomers such as polybutadiene or a plastic such as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)
- synthetic rubbers - synthetic elastomers made of any one or more of several petrochemical (usually) monomers such as 1,3-butadiene, styrene, isobutylene, isoprene, chloroprene, etc. Elastomeric polymers are often made with a high percentage of conjugated diene monomers such as 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, or chloroprene.
- higher olefins
- polyolefins such poly-alpha-olefins which are used as lubricants
- alpha-olefins - used as monomers, co-monomers, and other chemical precursors. For example, a small amount of 1-hexene can be copolymerized with ethylene into a more flexible form of polyethylene.
- other higher olefins
- detergent alcohols
- acrylic acid
- allyl chloride -
- epichlorohydrin - chloro-oxirane; used in epoxy resin formation
- epoxy resins - a type of polymerizing glue from bisphenol A, epichlorohydrin, and some amine
- benzene - the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon
- ethylbenzene - made from benzene and ethylene
- styrene made by dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene; used as a monomer
- polystyrenes - polymers with styrene as a monomer
- cumene - isopropylbenzene; a feedstock in the cumene process
- phenol - hydroxybenzene; often made by the cumene process
- acetone - dimethyl ketone; also often made by the cumene process
- bisphenol A - a type of "double" phenol used in polymerization in epoxy resins and making a common type of polycarbonate
- epoxy resins - a type of polymerizing glue from bisphenol A, epichlorohydrin, and some amine
- polycarbonate - a plastic polymer made from bisphenol A and phosgene (carbonyl dichloride)
- solvents - liquids used for dissolving materials. Examples often made from petrochemicals include ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, benzene, toluene, xylenes.
- cyclohexane - a 6-carbon aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbon sometimes used as a non-polar solvent
- adipic acid - a 6-carbon dicarboxylic acid which can be a precursor used as a co-monomer together with a diamine to form an alternating copolymer form of nylon.
- nylons - types of polyamides, some are alternating copolymers formed from copolymerizing dicarboxylic acid or derivatives with diamines
- caprolactam - a 6-carbon cyclic amide
- nitrobenzene - can be made by single nitration of benzene
- alkylbenzene - a general type of aromatic hydrocarbon which can be used as a presursor for a sulfonate surfactant (detergent)
- detergents - often include surfactants types such as alkylbenzenesulfonates and nonylphenol ethoxylates
- chlorobenzene
- toluene - methylbenzene; can be a solvent or precursor for other chemicals
- benzene
- toluene diisocyanate (TDI) - used as co-monomers with diols or polyols to form polyurethanes or with di- or polyamines to form polyureas
- polyurethanes - a polymer formed from diisocyanates and diols or polyols
- benzoic acid - carboxybenzene
- xylene - any of three dimethylbenzene isomers, could be a solvent but more often precursor chemicals
- ortho-xylene - both methyl groups can be oxidized to form (ortho-)phthalic acid
- para-xylene - both methyl groups can be oxidized to form terephthalic acid
See also
External links
- Petrochemistry in Europe
- Educational resource on petrochemistry
ar:البتروكيمياوياتda:Petrokemiskid:Petrokimia
ja:石油化学工業no:Petrokjemiske produkterfi:Petrokemikaali
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